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Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2021Salivary gland tumors are a diverse group of lesions, with various origins and extremely different behaviors, leading to a variety of outcomes for patients. Therefore,...
INTRODUCTION
Salivary gland tumors are a diverse group of lesions, with various origins and extremely different behaviors, leading to a variety of outcomes for patients. Therefore, the need to discover novel markers with the ability to predict the behavior of benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms is crucial. Syndecan-1 is a cell-surface protein with significant roles in various aspects of tumor function. Its expression in salivary gland neoplasms, especially their stromal component, has not been investigated.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to assess the immunopositivity of syndecan-1 in epithelial and stromal components of salivary gland neoplasms and to compare it between benign and malignant subtypes in addition to evaluating its correlation with clinicopathologic parameters.
METHODS
133 salivary gland tumors were immunohistochemically stained with syndecan-1 and the intensity and percentage of this protein was determined, compared between the tumors and correlated with clinicopathologic factors.
RESULTS
Statistical analysis of lesions with a sufficient sample size showed significant differences in percentage and intensity between both epithelial and stromal components of all tumors (p<0.05). Pairwise-comparisons demonstrated significantly higher staining-percentage of epithelial cells (p=0.02) in Warthin's tumor compared to pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Similarly, significantly higher staining intensities and/or percentages was observed in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma compared to pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor (p<0.05). Of the clinicopathologic factors, there was only a significant negative correlation between stromal percentage of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and age and a significant difference between stromal intensity+percentage of adenoid cystic carcinoma and gender (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
According to our findings we postulate that stromal syndecan-1 correlates with the behavior of salivary gland tumors, with malignant neoplasms demonstrating a higher expression, indicating a role for syndecan-1 in invasion and metastasis.
Topics: Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic; Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid; Humans; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Syndecan-1
PubMed: 31540870
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2019.07.006 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jul 2015Malignant neoplasms arising from epithelial cells are called carcinomas. Such cancers are diagnosed in about one in three humans in 'developed' countries, with the most... (Review)
Review
Malignant neoplasms arising from epithelial cells are called carcinomas. Such cancers are diagnosed in about one in three humans in 'developed' countries, with the most common sites affected being lung, breast, prostate, colon, ovary and pancreas. By contrast, carcinomas are said to be rare in captive chimpanzees, which share more than 99% protein sequence homology with humans (and possibly in other related 'great apes'-bonobos, gorillas and orangutans). Simple ascertainment bias is an unlikely explanation, as these nonhuman hominids are recipients of excellent veterinary care in research facilities and zoos, and are typically subjected to necropsies when they die. In keeping with this notion, benign tumours and cancers that are less common in humans are well documented in this population. In this brief overview, we discuss other possible explanations for the reported rarity of carcinomas in our closest evolutionary cousins, including inadequacy of numbers surveyed, differences in life expectancy, diet, genetic susceptibility, immune responses or their microbiomes, and other potential environmental factors. We conclude that while relative carcinoma risk is a likely difference between humans and chimpanzees (and possibly other 'great apes'), a more systematic survey of available data is required for validation of this claim.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Zoo; Ape Diseases; Biological Evolution; Female; Hominidae; Humans; Male; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Pan troglodytes; Risk Factors; Species Specificity
PubMed: 26056369
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0225 -
Chirurgia (Bucharest, Romania : 1990) Dec 2021Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is thought to be a direct precursor of most cases of breast cancer and its incidence increases with age. However, the globally impressive...
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is thought to be a direct precursor of most cases of breast cancer and its incidence increases with age. However, the globally impressive rise of DCIS cases is probably an epidemiologic "artifact" that is mainly attributed to the establishment of screening mammography in developed countries. Furthermore, considering that usually there are no clinical findings of the disease, the initial detection of DCIS is a mammographic "event" in most cases. The risk factors for DCIS are similar to those for invasive cancer including, among others, deleterious mutations in the BRCA genes, family history of breast cancer, nulliparity, late age at first birth, increased breast density, personal history of benign breast disease, and postmenopausal obesity.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mammography; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34967307
DOI: 10.21614/chirurgia.116.5.suppl.S15 -
Journal of Ovarian Research Jun 2022High grade epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its aggressive features and short recurrence free survival (RFS)...
High grade epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its aggressive features and short recurrence free survival (RFS) after primary treatment. Novel targets to inform our understanding of the EOC carcinogenesis in the translational machinery can provide us with independent prognostic markers and provide drugable targets. We have identified candidate eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF) and eukaryotic elongation factors (eEF) in the translational machinery for differential expression in EOC through in-silico analysis. We present the analysis of 150 ovarian tissue microarray (TMA) samples on the expression of the translational markers eIF2α, eIF2G, eIF5 (eIF5A and eIF5B), eIF6 and eEF1A1. All translational markers were differentially expressed among non-neoplastic ovarian samples and tumour samples (borderline tumours and EOC). In EOC, expression of eIF5A was found to be significantly correlated with recurrence free survival (RFS) and expression of eIF2G and eEF1A1 with overall survival (OS). Expression correlation among factor subunits showed that the correlation of eEF1A1, eIF2G, EIF2α and eIF5A were significantly interconnected. eIF5A was also correlated with eIF5B and eIF6. Our study demonstrates that EOCs have different translational profile compared to benign ovarian tissue and that eIF5A is a central dysregulated factor of the translation machinery.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Ovarian Neoplasms; Peptide Elongation Factors; Prognosis
PubMed: 35718769
DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-00998-y -
Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics Jun 2017Despite advances in surgery and chemotherapy for ovarian cancer, 70% of women still succumb to the disease. Biomarkers have contributed to the management of ovarian... (Review)
Review
Despite advances in surgery and chemotherapy for ovarian cancer, 70% of women still succumb to the disease. Biomarkers have contributed to the management of ovarian cancer by monitoring response to treatment, detecting recurrence, distinguishing benign from malignant pelvic masses and attempting to detect disease at an earlier stage. Areas covered: This review focuses on recent advances in biomarkers and imaging for management of ovarian cancer with particular emphasis on early detection. Relevant literature has been reviewed and analyzed. Expert commentary: Rising or persistent CA125 blood levels provide a highly specific biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancer, but not an optimally sensitive biomarker. Addition of HE4, CA 72.4, anti-TP53 autoantibodies and other biomarkers can increase sensitivity for detecting early stage or recurrent disease. Detecting disease recurrence will become more important as more effective therapy is developed. Early detection will require the development not only of biomarker panels, but also of more sensitive and specific imaging strategies. Effective biomarker strategies are already available for distinguishing benign from malignant pelvic masses, but their use in identifying and referring patients with probable ovarian cancer to gynecologic oncologists for cytoreductive operations must be encouraged.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Diagnosis, Differential; Early Diagnosis; Female; Humans; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Ovarian Neoplasms
PubMed: 28468520
DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1326820 -
International Journal of Surgery... 2011Parathyroid carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm affecting 05-2 per cent of all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism that was first described by de Quevain in 1904. To... (Review)
Review
Parathyroid carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm affecting 05-2 per cent of all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism that was first described by de Quevain in 1904. To day it continues to defy diagnosis and treatment. It is difficult to diagnose in part because of its rarity, lack of definitive diagnostic markers and overlapping clinical features of benign primary hyperparathyroidism. As a result initial surgical treatment is inadequate essentially leading to disease recurrence where complete cure is unlikely. En bloc surgical resection remains the only curative treatment, and high priorities are improving diagnostic methods, and clinical staging for resection once the disease is suspected. Margin status at resection is related to prognosis. Thus, a trend towards aggressive surgical management has improved outcomes. The recurrence rate of parathyroid carcinoma is as high as 80% with survival rates <50% at 10 years. Results of chemotherapy are disappointing. However, recent trials using radiation therapy are promising, but require further study.
Topics: Carcinoma; Humans; Parathyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 20887820
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.09.003 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2021The main types of thyroid neoplasms, follicular adenoma (FA), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), classical and follicular variants of papillary carcinoma (clPTC and...
The main types of thyroid neoplasms, follicular adenoma (FA), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), classical and follicular variants of papillary carcinoma (clPTC and fvPTC), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), differ in prognosis, progression rate and metastatic behaviour. Specific patterns of lncRNAs involved in the development of clinical and morphological features can be presumed. LncRNA landscapes within distinct benign and malignant histological variants of thyroid neoplasms were not investigated. The aim of the study was to discover long noncoding RNA landscapes common and specific to major benign and malignant histological subtypes of thyroid neoplasms. LncRNA expression in FA, FTC, fvPTC, clPTC and ATC was analysed with comprehensive microarray and RNA-Seq datasets. Putative biological functions were evaluated via enrichment analysis of coexpressed coding genes. In the results, lncRNAs common and specific to FTC, clPTC, fvPTC, and ATC were identified. The discovered lncRNAs are putatively involved in L1CAM interactions, namely, pre-mRNA processing (lncRNAs specific to FTC); PCP/CE and WNT pathways (lncRNAs specific to fvPTC); extracellular matrix organization (lncRNAs specific to clPTC); and the cell cycle (lncRNAs specific to ATC). Known oncogenic and suppressor lncRNAs (RMST, CRNDE, SLC26A4-AS1, NR2F1-AS1, and LINC00511) were aberrantly expressed in thyroid carcinomas. These findings enhance the understanding of lncRNAs in the development of subtype-specific features in thyroid cancer.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Adenoma; Humans; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Neoplasm; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 34408227
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96149-2 -
Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) Jun 2013HE4 (human epididymis protein 4) is overexpressed in both ovarian and endometrial cancers. Levels of the shed HE4 protein are elevated in sera from ovarian and... (Review)
Review
HE4 (human epididymis protein 4) is overexpressed in both ovarian and endometrial cancers. Levels of the shed HE4 protein are elevated in sera from ovarian and endometrial cancer patients. HE4 is less frequently elevated than cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) in benign gynecologic conditions and is found in a fraction of endometrial and ovarian cancers that lack CA 125 expression. Consequently, HE4 has emerged as an important biomarker that complements CA 125 in discriminating between benign and malignant pelvic masses, monitoring response to treatment, and detecting recurrences of both ovarian and endometrial cancer. The "risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm" (ROMA) incorporates CA 125, HE4, and menopausal status to distinguish benign from malignant adnexal masses, and has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to aid in referring patients who are likely to have ovarian cancer to specially trained gynecologic oncologists for surgery. HE4 also promises to augment the sensitivity of CA 125 for detecting early-stage ovarian cancer. In this review, we discuss the discovery and biologic significance of HE4 and evaluate available evidence regarding the utility of HE4 as a biomarker for ovarian and endometrial cancer.
Topics: Algorithms; Biomarkers, Tumor; CA-125 Antigen; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Endometrial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Ovarian Neoplasms; Prognosis; Proteins; WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein 2
PubMed: 23909069
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2022The papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) are the most common cancer of endocrine cancers. The primary treatment is surgery, and the prognosis is mostly well. In spite of...
BACKGROUND
The papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) are the most common cancer of endocrine cancers. The primary treatment is surgery, and the prognosis is mostly well. In spite of many methods for the early diagnosis, the simpler and noninvasive methods are being sought. The aim of this study is to find out whether the value of thyroglobulin (Tg) is related with PTC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prospectively; we measured the preoperative Tg value of 203 (159 females and 44 males) patients who underwent a total thyroidectomy with various indications in General Surgery Department of Gaziantep University. Tg values of 61 patients with benign lesions and 142 patients with PTC were compared.
RESULTS
In the patients with PTC, the mean preoperative Tg value was 105.05 ng/ml and 76.80 ng/ml in the benign patients. According to receiver operating characteristic analysis, the cutoff point was determined 102 ng/ml. There was a statistically significant difference in preoperative Tg values between benign group and PTC (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Patients with a preoperative Tg values above 102 ng/mL may more likely to have PTC. It is thought that Tg levels may be accepted as a criterion for distinguish malignant/benign situations that should be supported with new studies.
Topics: Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Papillary; Female; Humans; Male; Retrospective Studies; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroidectomy
PubMed: 36149159
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_1268_20 -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Jan 2018Histological variants of acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate may be of significance due to difficulty in diagnosis or due to differences in prognosis compared to usual... (Review)
Review
Histological variants of acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate may be of significance due to difficulty in diagnosis or due to differences in prognosis compared to usual acinar adenocarcinoma. The 2016 World Health Organization classification of acinar adenocarcinoma includes four variants that are deceptively benign in histological appearance, such that a misdiagnosis of a benign condition may be made. These four variants are atrophic pattern adenocarcinoma, pseudohyperplastic adenocarcinoma, microcystic adenocarcinoma, and foamy gland adenocarcinoma. They differ from usual small acinar adenocarcinoma in architectural glandular structure and/or cytoplasmic and nuclear alterations. The variants are often admixed, in variable proportions, with usual small acinar adenocarcinoma that is often Gleason pattern 3 but may be high-grade pattern 4 in a minority of cases. Atrophic pattern adenocarcinoma can be identified in a sporadic setting or after radiation or hormonal therapy. This variant is characterized by cytoplasmic volume loss and can resemble benign glandular atrophy, an extremely common benign process in the prostate. The glands of pseudohyperplastic adenocarcinoma simulate usual epithelial hyperplasia, with gland complexity that is not typical of small acinar adenocarcinoma. These complex growth configurations include papillary infoldings, luminal undulations, and branching. Microcystic adenocarcinoma is characterized by cystic dilation of prostatic glands to a size that is much more commonly observed in cystic change in benign prostatic glands. Finally, the cells in foamy gland adenocarcinoma display cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis, features that can found in benign glands and macrophages. Three of the four variants (atrophic, pseudohyperplastic, and microcystic) are assigned low-grade Gleason pattern 3. Of significance, foamy gland adenocarcinoma can be Gleason pattern 3 but can also be high-grade pattern 4 or 5. Diagnostic awareness of the existence of these deceptively benign-appearing variants of acinar adenocarcinoma is essential so that an accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer may be rendered.
Topics: Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy, Large-Core Needle; Carcinoma, Acinar Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Grading; Prognosis; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Racemases and Epimerases; Transcriptional Regulator ERG; World Health Organization
PubMed: 29297496
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.137